目前(qian)，PHC管樁(zhuang)在我(wo)國的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)工藝已(yi)基本成(cheng)(cheng)熟，行業的(de)(de)建設發展非常迅猛，市場競爭也更(geng)趨激烈(lie)，而(er)影響企業競爭實力的(de)(de)重(zhong)要因素之一就是成(cheng)(cheng)本。能(neng)耗費用(yong)在生產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)本中(zhong)占居相當(dang)大(da)的(de)(de)比例，據統計(ji)(ji)，平均每生產(chan)(chan)1mФ400管樁(zhuang)就要耗電1?1.5度。近年來，建設投產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)PHC管樁(zhuang)生產(chan)(chan)線產(chan)(chan)能(neng)都達到上百萬(wan)m，因此，節能(neng)增效對(dui)增強行業的(de)(de)競爭力具有(you)重(zhong)要意(yi)義，而(er)其中(zhong)電氣的(de)(de)節能(neng)設計(ji)(ji)有(you)著巨大(da)的(de)(de)空(kong)間。

一、供配電系統

供配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣節(jie)能(neng)設(she)計(ji)中的(de)一個重要內容，其能(neng)耗涉及到配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變壓器、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路和各用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)功(gong)率(lv)損(sun)耗以及系統的(de)運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、功(gong)率(lv)因(yin)數等引起的(de)損(sun)耗。在設(she)計(ji)中應(ying)根據負(fu)荷容量、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)距離(li)及分布、用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備特點等因(yin)素全(quan)面合理地設(she)計(ji)供配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統，使其盡可能(neng)達到節(jie)能(neng)要求。

1. 負荷計算

負(fu)(fu)荷(he)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)確定的(de)(de)是否正(zheng)(zheng)確合(he)理，直接影響(xiang)到電(dian)器和(he)導線電(dian)纜的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇是否經濟(ji)合(he)理。計(ji)算(suan)(suan)得過(guo)大(da)，將造成(cheng)投資的(de)(de)浪費；計(ji)算(suan)(suan)得過(guo)小，會使電(dian)器和(he)電(dian)線電(dian)纜處于過(guo)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)下運行(xing)，增加電(dian)能損耗，產生(sheng)過(guo)熱，導致絕緣(yuan)過(guo)早老(lao)化(hua)甚至(zhi)引起火災。由此(ci)可(ke)見，正(zheng)(zheng)確確定計(ji)算(suan)(suan)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)意義重大(da)。負(fu)(fu)荷(he)情況復雜，影響(xiang)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)因(yin)素很多，雖然各類(lei)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)變化(hua)有一定的(de)(de)規律可(ke)循，但仍難(nan)準確確定計(ji)算(suan)(suan)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)大(da)小。因(yin)此(ci)，負(fu)(fu)荷(he)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)只(zhi)能力(li)求接近實際。

表1 列出了PHC管(guan)樁車間主(zhu)要設(she)備的(de)需要系數值。

表1 PHC管(guan)樁車間主要設(she)備的(de)需要系數

2. 變壓器的選型

變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)是管樁生(sheng)產線上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)電(dian)(dian)力輸送設(she)備，對其采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)措(cuo)施是整個生(sheng)產效率(lv)提高的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵環節(jie)(jie)。據有(you)(you)關(guan)資料統計(ji)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)占(zhan)總發電(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)2%?3%。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)主要(yao)依靠降(jiang)低損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、提高運行效率(lv)。其節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)措(cuo)施與降(jiang)低變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)損(sun) 耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、負(fu)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)和合理(li)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)率(lv)密切相關(guan)。為(wei)此，選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)主要(yao)從三個方面(mian)考慮(lv)：①選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)（稱鐵(tie)損(sun)）包括鐵(tie)芯(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)渦流損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)及漏磁(ci)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，其損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)決定于(yu)鐵(tie)芯(xin)(xin)矽鋼片的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)及鐵(tie)芯(xin)(xin)制(zhi)造工(gong)藝。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)類型(xing)主要(yao)有(you)(you)油(you)浸(jin)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、氣體(ti)絕緣變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)和干式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。其中(zhong)屬(shu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是油(you)浸(jin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)和干式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。目前，國內(nei)推薦的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)油(you)浸(jin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)系列產品(pin)有(you)(you)S11、S9型(xing)等(deng)。節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)干式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)系列產品(pin)有(you)(you)SCll、SC1O、SC9 型(xing)等(deng)。管樁廠項目設(she)計(ji)中(zhong)，應選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。②選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)（又稱線損(sun)）是由變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)繞(rao)組上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)和電(dian)(dian)流引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)。為(wei)降(jiang)低線損(sun)應選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)阻(zu)值較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)繞(rao)組，銅芯(xin)(xin)繞(rao)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)值小于(yu)鋁(lv)芯(xin)(xin)繞(rao)組，可盡量采(cai)用(yong)(yong)銅芯(xin)(xin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。③合理(li)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)率(lv)。在(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)容量時應從使用(yong)(yong)、經濟、節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)方面(mian)進行綜合考慮(lv)，實踐表明(ming)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)率(lv)設(she)計(ji)在(zai)75%?85%范圍較為(wei)適宜。

3. 配電線路的設計

配(pei)電(dian)線路是電(dian)能傳輸的(de)載體(ti)，由于線路本身具有阻抗，勢(shi)必(bi)會產生電(dian)能損耗，線損是衡量供(gong)配(pei)電(dian)線路經濟(ji)運(yun)行的(de)重(zhong)要指標。

（1）減少配電線路的阻抗，盡可能選用電阻率小的導線，通常首選銅芯線。縮短線纜長度也能降低電路的阻抗值，廠區變電所進入負荷中心是最有效的節能措施。但因PHC管樁車間內有橋式起重機、離心機和(he)空(kong)壓(ya)機的運行，震動(dong)影響較大，并且在(zai)高(gao)壓(ya)釜和(he)蒸養坑區(qu)域有(you)水蒸氣(qi)散發(fa)，環境較惡劣(lie)，因(yin)此，變電(dian)所設(she)在(zai)車(che)間(jian)內有(you)一定(ding)困難，但通過建筑、結構及(ji)工藝(yi)專業的統籌考(kao)慮和(he)配合，在(zai)車(che)間(jian)內設(she)置變電(dian)所的供(gong)電(dian)方案(an)是可以實現的。

（2）減(jian)(jian)少(shao)線(xian)(xian)路傳(chuan)輸的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)損(sun)耗(hao)。無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)損(sun)耗(hao)主(zhu)要(yao)由供(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)某(mou)些用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)因(yin)(yin)具(ju)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感性而(er)產(chan)生滯后的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，使系(xi)統(tong)在(zai)經過高低(di)(di)壓線(xian)(xian)路傳(chuan)輸到(dao)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)時(shi)，產(chan)生無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)。無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)不(bu)但(dan)增加(jia)線(xian)(xian)損(sun)，使設備(bei)(bei)發熱(re)，更主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是會降低(di)(di)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)，導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)降低(di)(di)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)損(sun)耗(hao)，便可確保有(you)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充分利(li)用(yong)，提(ti)(ti)高系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓質量(liang)，從而(er)節約電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。減(jian)(jian)少(shao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)損(sun)耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)措施：①提(ti)(ti)高用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)。在(zai)滿足(zu)規范(fan)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，應盡量(liang)提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級和(he)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)，以降低(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)線(xian)(xian)路及變壓器的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)耗(hao)。②采取(qu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償(chang)。若設備(bei)(bei)自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)達不(bu)到(dao)接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，應采取(qu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)補(bu)償(chang)措施。在(zai)PHC管樁(zhuang)廠工程設計(ji)中(zhong)，對于低(di)(di)壓供(gong)(gong)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)，可采取(qu)在(zai)低(di)(di)壓配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室內設置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器集中(zhong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補(bu)償(chang)裝(zhuang)置，在(zai)提(ti)(ti)高系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)損(sun)耗(hao)。

此外，還可通過合理(li)選擇供電(dian)電(dian)壓、合理(li)進行諧波(bo)的預防和治理(li)、盡量使三相(xiang)負荷達到(dao)平衡(heng)等(deng)措施來獲(huo)得(de)最大的節電(dian)效果。

二、電氣照明系統

企(qi)業在節(jie)能(neng)(neng)降耗(hao)的設計和管理中，往往只重視(shi)大(da)型設備的節(jie)能(neng)(neng)效果(guo)而忽視(shi)非生(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)的節(jie)能(neng)(neng)降耗(hao)。實際(ji)上，對(dui)于PHC管樁生(sheng)產(chan)車間而言，非生(sheng)產(chan)性(xing)用(yong)電（如(ru)照(zhao)明系統），因布局(ju)分散(san)、面廣量大(da)，其用(yong)電量也很大(da)。實際(ji)運作中可采取以下節(jie)能(neng)(neng)措施。

（1）充(chong)(chong)分(fen)利用(yong)(yong)自然光源。車(che)間面積大(da)、層高(gao)高(gao)，建筑(zhu)上可(ke)采取在(zai)墻面和屋(wu)面上增加采光窗面積等措施，以充(chong)(chong)分(fen)利用(yong)(yong)自然光源。

（2）采用(yong)高(gao)效節能光(guang)源(yuan)。高(gao)大空間常(chang)用(yong)的(de)光(guang)源(yuan)有氣體放電(dian)燈(deng)(deng)、大功(gong)率(lv)節能燈(deng)(deng)等(deng)。其中，氣體放電(dian)燈(deng)(deng)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)有高(gao)壓鈉(na)燈(deng)(deng)、金屬鹵化物(wu)燈(deng)(deng)等(deng)。金鹵燈(deng)(deng)由(you)于功(gong)率(lv)和(he)光(guang)通量(liang)大，燈(deng)(deng)具數量(liang)可以減少(shao)，安裝(zhuang)、運(yun)轉和(he)維護都(dou)更(geng)為經濟。

（3）采用節能(neng)(neng)(neng)型的啟動(dong)元件。選用節能(neng)(neng)(neng)型的電(dian)感鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)或電(dian)子鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)取(qu)代傳(chuan)統的高能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗電(dian)感鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。電(dian)子鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具有功率因數高（cosφ≥0.9）、能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗小(xiao)及起動(dong)快速可靠等優點(dian)。

（4)采(cai)用多(duo)點、分(fen)區(qu)、按(an)(an)需的控(kong)(kong)制方式。PHC管樁(zhuang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)逐步向(xiang)工(gong)廠(chang)化(hua)、規模(mo)化(hua)發展，車(che)間的占(zhan)地面積(ji)也越來越大。如，天津某管樁(zhuang)車(che)間占(zhan)地面積(ji)接近4萬m2，燈具選用的是大功(gong)率(lv)金鹵(lu)燈，每個控(kong)(kong)制回路啟動電流便達(da)20A左右，并(bing)且由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)的需要車(che)間設有(you)多(duo)個出(chu)入口(kou)，如采(cai)用常(chang)規的照明(ming)控(kong)(kong)制方式不僅不能適應(ying)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)流程的各種變化(hua)，更達(da)不到節(jie)能的要求(qiu)，因此，設計時采(cai)用了多(duo)聯開(kai)關(guan)控(kong)(kong)制，即在多(duo)個出(chu)入口(kou)或主通道(dao)上設置(zhi)控(kong)(kong)制按(an)(an)鈕箱，用于(yu)控(kong)(kong)制同一片(pian)區(qu)域的照明(ming)，達(da)到隨(sui)走隨(sui)關(guan)，按(an)(an)需控(kong)(kong)制的節(jie)能目(mu)的。并(bing)根(gen)據管樁(zhuang)工(gong)藝(yi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)流程，對車(che)間內的照明(ming)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)區(qu)、分(fen)片(pian)控(kong)(kong)制。

三、動力設備系統

管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)廠的(de)動(dong)(dong)力設備主要(yao)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)能(neng)耗(hao)是管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)生產中的(de)能(neng)耗(hao)大戶，因此，做好(hao)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)降耗(hao)增效(xiao)顯得極(ji)為重(zhong)要(yao)。減少電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)能(neng)耗(hao)的(de)主要(yao)途(tu)徑是提高電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)工(gong)作效(xiao)率(lv)和(he)功率(lv)因數。

1. 電(dian)動機的選型與設計

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理(li)選(xuan)型(xing)除了(le)應滿足(zu)拖動(dong)(dong)(dong)功能(neng)(neng)外，還(huan)應考慮經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)性。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)采取(qu)以(yi)(yi)下措(cuo)施合理(li)選(xuan)擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型(xing)號：①選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、節能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。小型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應優先選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)Y系(xi)(xi)列(lie)節能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，Y系(xi)(xi)列(lie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是全(quan)國(guo)統一設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新系(xi)(xi)列(lie)產(chan)品(pin)，也是我國(guo)目前較(jiao)(jiao)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三相(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，其優點是高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、節能(neng)(neng)、啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)性好。對(dui)于年運行(xing)時間(jian)(jian)較(jiao)(jiao)長，負載(zai)(zai)率超過50%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)YX系(xi)(xi)列(lie)高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)三相(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。該系(xi)(xi)列(lie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)與Y系(xi)(xi)列(lie)相(xiang)比，效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率提高(gao)3%，損耗(hao)降低20%?30%。大(da)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)國(guo)際品(pin)牌(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)節能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。②合理(li)選(xuan)擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額(e)定容(rong)量。根(gen)據(ju)國(guo)家規定，對(dui)三相(xiang)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)區(qu)域，負載(zai)(zai)率在(zai)(zai)(zai)70%?100%之間(jian)(jian)為(wei)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)區(qu)；負載(zai)(zai)率在(zai)(zai)(zai)40%?70%之間(jian)(jian)為(wei)一般運行(xing)區(qu)；負載(zai)(zai)率在(zai)(zai)(zai)40%以(yi)(yi)下為(wei)非經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)區(qu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)額(e)定容(rong)量時，為(wei)確保既能(neng)(neng)滿足(zu)設備(bei)運行(xing)需要，又(you)能(neng)(neng)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率，應盡可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負載(zai)(zai)率保持在(zai)(zai)(zai)70%?100%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)區(qu)范圍內。③合理(li)設計(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)。采用(yong)(yong)軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)是目前較(jiao)(jiao)多使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種節能(neng)(neng)方式(shi)，軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)是根(gen)據(ju)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時間(jian)(jian)逐步(bu)調(diao)(diao)節可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)控硅(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)通角而控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓連續(xu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)調(diao)(diao)，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)平穩，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)且(qie)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)頻繁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)。對(dui)不同類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)應采用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)，以(yi)(yi)達到節能(neng)(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果。對(dui)于低壓籠型(xing)大(da)中型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)采用(yong)(yong)軟啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)，啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2.5?3.5倍之間(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)調(diao)(diao)，啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉矩平穩。

2. 電動機的調速與節能

在(zai)(zai)管樁(zhuang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)，各種設(she)備(bei)(bei)如(ru)管樁(zhuang)離心成(cheng)型(xing)設(she)備(bei)(bei)、鍋爐房的(de)(de)風機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)水(shui)泵等正常運轉所需的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)消耗(hao)(hao)都相當大，尤其是離心作業在(zai)(zai)管樁(zhuang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)是電(dian)能(neng)消耗(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)重點(dian)工序。目前(qian)，管樁(zhuang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)離心作業的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)普遍采用的(de)(de)是變(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)(diao)速(su)。變(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)(diao)速(su)是通過(guo)連續地改變(bian)供電(dian)電(dian)源(yuan)頻(pin)率(lv)，平滑(hua)地調(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)，具有(you)結構簡(jian)單、穩定(ding)可靠、調(diao)(diao)速(su)精度高、啟動(dong)轉矩大、調(diao)(diao)速(su)范圍廣、節(jie)能(neng)顯(xian)著等優點(dian)。在(zai)(zai)管樁(zhuang)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)離心機(ji)(ji)(ji)、鍋爐鼓風機(ji)(ji)(ji)引風機(ji)(ji)(ji)及水(shui)泵等設(she)備(bei)(bei)上(shang)應(ying)用變(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)(diao)速(su)是行之(zhi)有(you)效的(de)(de)節(jie)能(neng)措施(shi)。

四、電能計量管理

電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)消耗(hao)的多少是通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)計(ji)量來評定(ding)的，設計(ji)中可(ke)(ke)選用多功能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力監(jian)控儀表，采用RS485總線技術進行(xing)數據傳(chuan)輸，對全廠(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)消耗(hao)進行(xing)實時監(jian)控，使管理(li)(li)人員及(ji)時了解(jie)各機電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)狀況(kuang)，從(cong)而發現可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)存(cun)在的能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)漏洞，并采取合理(li)(li)的生(sheng)產調度(du)措施。

五、結語

管(guan)樁業(ye)是(shi)近年(nian)來快速(su)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)一個(ge)新興行(xing)業(ye)，隨著生產(chan)規模的(de)不(bu)斷擴大(da)，對電(dian)力(li)的(de)需求量越來越大(da)，能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)與發(fa)(fa)展的(de)矛盾日益突出，作為二次能(neng)(neng)源的(de)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)在管(guan)樁廠有(you)著很(hen)大(da)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)潛力(li)。電(dian)氣(qi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)一項涉及到生產(chan)，管(guan)理，設(she)計(ji)等多方(fang)面因素的(de)系(xi)統工程，而電(dian)氣(qi)設(she)計(ji)是(shi)電(dian)氣(qi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)的(de)源頭(tou)，涉及到諸多環節(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)技(ji)術和措施。針對管(guan)樁業(ye)的(de)工程特點及要求，在電(dian)氣(qi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)設(she)計(ji)中要抓(zhua)住重(zhong)點、兼(jian)顧細節(jie)(jie)(jie)、注重(zhong)近期(qi)、兼(jian)顧遠(yuan)期(qi)，采取有(you)效的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)措施，挖掘最大(da)的(de)節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)潛力(li)，是(shi)有(you)待進(jin)一步探(tan)索(suo)和研究(jiu)的(de)課題。